Thank you for all the face rubs

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It’s amazing to sit and think how many people over the past three and a half years, or one thousand, two hundred and sixteen days to be more precise, have contributed to, or supported my own motivation to complete this MPhil, and it’s even more difficult to attempt to acknowledge all those who have contributed to this process in other ways over that time, or even before it started. However,

THROUGHOUT

To Mum and Dad, I’m never totally sure that you got it (yet), and maybe that’s unfair, but it didn’t stop you always putting up with my rants about it, or stop you being understanding of the knock on impact that this work has had on everything else over the past three and a bit years, so thank you for that. I suppose without the education and upbringing you both have given me none of this would have even got started. Boodle, I knew somewhere deep down that despite being the younger sister and despite me having a head start on you in life you were going to beat me to these letters after my name! You did of course! Thank you for all your support along the way and glad we’ve both got there now! I’d also like to say a massive thank you to Steve and Jill Blount (old enough to be my parents…I mean, honorary parents!) for your support on numerous weekends in the early days of this process. If it wasn’t for you both back in the winter of 2003/2004, introducing me to coffee and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance and teaching me to ski properly, I don’t think my brain would have ever started working in the way that it has since. You (and everyone else) can be the judge as to whether on balance that’s been a good thing, but seriously you helped me motivate myself to something better in so many ways back then and you continue to be an inspiration to me – thank you!

THE TWITTERSPHERE (NOVEMBER, 2008 – PRESENT)

It’s entirely fair to say that this thesis wouldn’t exist without Twitter so Biz, Jack and Evan, thanks. It is of course ironic that as a result of a medium that limits messages to 140 characters, the world is now bequeathed with this 524,884+ character, 77,000 word monstrosity, but it is less about the length of those tweets and more about the people and ideas with whom and with which I was able to connect throughout this process for which I’m truly grateful. Particularly to the following individuals, in no particular order, @georgejulian, @segelstrom, @rufflemuffin, @redjotter, @designthinkers, @laura_grant, @lixindex, @mrstickdorn, @choosenick, @meanestindian, @syamant, @satumiettinen, @designersaccord, @mattcurrienz, @Hellibop, @jamin, @ylvalindberg, @iterations, (Mr!) @jakoblies, @ninalysbakken,  @adamstjohn, @wimrampen, @grahamhill, @apolaine, @danlockton, @niccombe, @shlmld, @ninaksimon, @ideum and countless others. It does unfortunately feel, to quote The Corries, that “those days are passed now, and in the past they must remain”. But they were great whilst they lasted and we are all still connected so, it might not feel like 2009 again, but who knows what could happen in future… I’d also like to give a special nod at this point to Hugh Dubberly without whose work, this thesis might not exist, or, without which this thesis would most definitely have taken on a very different, and far less valuable form. I put this here, as without Twitter I’m fairly sure I might never have discovered Dubberly’s work. #legend #thankyou.

In addition to their mention above, I’d also like to take the time to say a massive thanks to Marc Stickdorn and Jakob Schneider for their work on This is Service Design Thinking and for enabling me to be part of that project and contribute to it. It has been massively reassuring in the latter stages of this process to know that at least a couple of people believed in my work on a professional basis so thank you both gentlemen, the subsequent success of TISDT is a testament to you both and all your hard work. I’d also like to thank Renato Troncon, whom I got to know better as part of that process, for affirming my conviction of the relationship and the importance of philosophy within design, and of the importance of a philosophy of design, particularly when no one else seemed to take this seriously – thank you!

BRUNEL UNIVERSITY (SEPTEMBER 2008 – FEBRUARY 2010)

Obviously, a big nod needs to go to Dr Mark Young at Brunel University in his role as supervisor of this MPhil and also in his role as chief instigator of the Ergonomics Real Design Exhibition project, cheers Mark! I’d also like to thank the rest of the Ergonomics Real Design Project team for their work and differing contributions and perspectives, all of which have in numerous positive ways supported and challenged this work, and the thinking and contribution of this thesis. Particularly I’d like to thank Dr Laura Grant and Dr Bella Williams from Laura Grant Associates for their help and support with the evaluation aspects of the project, and as they are referenced here, within this thesis as well. I’d also like to thank Colin Johnson from the EPSRC for his support and enthusiasm for the Ergonomics Real Design Project, Margaret Cabbage at the Design Museum for being such a pragmatist and making it all happen and Henrik at A2/SW/HK and Michael Marriott for bringing the yellow and black, co-created, systems-thinking, all other things antithetical to the Design Museum vision to life, and for providing it with the veneer of the London design establishment it evidently required to be as successful as it was, and which the rest of us quite evidently lacked, (and still do)! Also at The Design Museum, Dejan Sudjic and Gemma Curtin for fuelling my anti-motivation and conviction in the importance and relevance of a democratic approach to design, one day I hope you will see more clearly the participatory perspective, just as each day since I understand more clearly the validity of your own ‘legislating view’, in all sincerity your determination and vision for what is right for your current audience only greater forced me to develop my own idea of what, as a designer, my view and relationship with my users should be.

Also at Brunel, I’d like to thank Dr Hua Dong for her support as my second supervisor and for her advice throughout this process, your work ethic and ambition Hua is an inspiration and a case study in motivation itself! Farnaz, for being the first person I showed the Motivational Design Framework to and for not laughing me out of the room, your support and ideas in so may ways in those early stages was invaluable – kheili mamnoon! To the rest of the Inclusive Design Research Group at Brunel University and to Dr Marco Ajovalasit in the Human Centred Design Institute for allowing me to present in the HCDI Seminars in the early stages of this work, thank you.

Also at Brunel I’d like to acknowledge the huge role Dan Lockton and his PhD work on Architectures of Control / Design for Behaviour played in motivating my own belief in a number of things, 1) that it was possible for a designer or a design researcher to take on the concept of behaviour (or motivated behaviour) and for that to be worthwhile, 2) that it was possible for someone at Brunel to do postgraduate research of value and interest to the rest of the design community and 3) that it was a good idea to blog about some of that work. Seriously Dan, without you I wouldn’t have even got started, or believed it possible. What you achieved with your blog, and the means by which you made your work accessible to others over the course of your PhD says more about Public Engagement with Science and motivation than this thesis will ever manage to theorise or replicate. Thanks buddy.

There are a few other folk from my time at Brunel who I’d like to acknowledge, Graham and Lucy Ormiston, for putting up with me in the first year or so as a flatmate and (probably) lousy friend over that period and since. Perhaps most significantly over this time (Dr!) Nicola Combe for those days at the British Library, coffee, cake and chats that kept me sane through all this madness, a sanity that I’m fairly confident I’ve since lacked – thank you Nixy, you’re wonderful, I miss you and many of the things about those days!

POST-BRUNEL (MARCH 2010 – JANUARY 2012)

There is really only one person, in relation to my MPhil, whom I need to thank post-February 2010, the one person who has really believed in it, and been prepared to let me know that, and put up with me when I haven’t been feeling the love for it. George, words cannot describe your patience and support for a process that, well, frankly has been unbearable for us both over the past couple of years. Writing these words signals one thing however, and that is the fact that the process is over and hopefully what hasn’t killed us has only made us, and our relationship stronger. I can’t say it wouldn’t have been complete without you but what I can emphatically say is that you saved me completely losing my sanity to this, just about, oh, and without you the spelling and referencing would have been considerably worse! Seriously George thank you so much. Having said that there was only one more person that I needed to thank, there is one other, who thinks he is a person – Mogsy – thank you for all the face rubs as part of the process of completing this research and writing this thesis up, your company and occasional typing assistance has helped make things considerably more enjoyable, thank you!

Contributor: @FergusBisset

Source: Bisset, F (2012) An elucidation of the concept of motivation within museum exhibition design; an exploration of how designers can support motivational engagement within design, MPhil, Brunel University

The many that took part, but chose to keep themselves anonymous.

Contributor: Christopher Dearman

Source: Santa’s Village Gone Wild! You can buy the book at the Santa’s Village website.

It was not about the outcome of obtaining a PhD but instead it was about the process of getting there!

Life has thrown me many curve balls over the years and I would like to give special thanks to my parents for tirelessly supporting me through all the life changing events that eventually led me back to school. Thanks to my mum for being my rock and helping keep me in touch with reality throughout my studies. Thanks to my dad for letting me do it ‘my way’ and for encouraging and inspiring me to reach for my dreams.

Thanks to my husband Darryl (IAMIMOM), for all the inspiring and motivating conversations, that helped me grasp a better understanding of all things game related. Thanks also for being my gaming partner and fellow geek and for all those hours spent unwinding playing co-op Gears of War and Halo 3. Thanks to Kaci, for choosing me as your mum and thanks for keeping me entertained at work when I sneaked you under my table, dressed as a witch pretending to be in a castle full of evil vampires. Thanks to the Charles family for warmly welcoming me and Kaci into their family and for supporting me throughout my studies.

Thanks also to both of my lifelong friends Julie and Monica for being by my side all these years, through all the good times and the bad. “Truly great friends are hard to find, difficult to leave, and impossible to forget.” Thanks to my friend Debbie (aka Wee Elf) for rescuing me from 2^nd yr and showing me that there is a life outside of university and it usually begins with a trip to Next, swiftly followed by a Starbucks! You helped keep my sanity intact although others may find this debatable!

Thanks to all my brothers and sisters, Richard, Brian, Niall, Peter, Danielle, Michaela, and Grace. You have all inspired me and helped me to remain focused and finish my studies. A special thank you to Grace for adopting Kaci as her own and babysitting for hundreds of hours so I could attend university.

Thanks to my excellent supervisory team, Prof. Dave Bustard and Dr. Michaela Black for making the process of doing a PhD both an invaluable and enjoyable experience. Thank you for all your support and guidance throughout the project. Thanks also to Dr. Roger Austin for his advice in the lead up to the write-up. Thanks to the University of Ulster, and also to all the staff from the School of Computing and Information Engineering. A special thanks to Mrs Pauleen Marshall who warmly welcomed me into the School as an undergraduate student and for looking after me so well all these years. I am indebted to you for your kindness. Thanks also to Mr Tony McLaughlin, without your ‘banter’ I may well have thrown in the towel, or shovel!

Finally, I would like to thank Prof. Randy Pausch RIP for giving me perspective and helping me realise it was in fact a ‘head fake’. It was not about the outcome of obtaining a PhD but instead it was about the process of getting there!

“Experience is not what happens to a man, it is what a man does with what happens to him.”

- Aldous Huxley

Contributor: Therese Charles – Therese can be found on LinkedIn or Twitter

Source: Charles, T (2010) Enhanced eLearning Engagement Using Game AbsorptioN Techniques (E.L.E.G.A.N.T), PhD, University of Ulster, School of Computing & Information Engineering

I acknowledge the contribution that Crystal Palace FC and Diet Coke have made to my enjoyment of the last three years

“Certain authors speaking of their works say ‘my book,’ ‘my commentary,’ ‘my history’ etc. They resemble middle class people who have a house of their own, and always have ‘my house’ on their tongue. They would do better to say, ‘our book,’ ‘our commentary,’ ‘our history,’ etc., because there is in them usually more of other people’s than their own.” Pascal

I am grateful to all the ‘other people’ who have given me help and encouragement with everything that was involved in doing this research. The experience of being supervised by Professor Glynis Breakwell has been immensely valuable and I remain grateful for her expertise and encouragement.

Many other people in the Psychology Department at the University of Surrey have formed the backdrop against which this work was done. Particular thanks to Hannah and Moira  for all their help with data collection.  I have also enjoyed the friendship, good humour and good conversation of my fellow PhD students in the Psychology Department – especially Hannah, Patrick, Gerda, Lada, Judit, Viv, Mick and Moira.

As ever, my family have been there for me in different ways. I am very grateful for the support of my parents, Jonny, Tim, Jo, Rach and Uncle Phil and for John’s encouragement to return to studying. The practical and emotional support of friends has also been invaluable. Mandi, Joan, Trudy, Ann, Hilary, Nicky and Linda – thank you! My children have been such a big part of this process. Daniel, Beaky and Sam, I love you: thank you for helping me to keep my work in perspective.

Lastly, I acknowledge the contribution that Crystal Palace FC and Diet Coke have made to my enjoyment of the last three years.

Contributor: @Julieatselhurst

Source: PhD, 1998, University of Surrey

Thank you for your enthusiasm, pride and curiosity to share my map of the world

It is a humbling experience to acknowledge those people who have, mostly out of kindness, helped along the journey of my PhD. I am indebted to so many for encouragement and support.

My sincerest thanks are extended to my project supervisor and mentor, Professor Mary Scholes, for her encouragement and guidance. Eskom and SASOL are acknowledged for their bursary and investment in the research. The National Research Foundation, Andrew Mellon Foundation and the University of the Witwatersrand are thanked for their post-graduate bursary support. The Eskom-SASOL Impacts Working group is acknowledged for their direction and feedback.

My research committee in the School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Professors Graham Alexander and David Mycock (as chairmen), Dr Barend Erasmus, Dr Chris Herold and Dr Kristy Ross (as committee members), are thanked for their interest and valuable comments on the research. The reviewers of the three manuscripts submitted to journals are thanked for the constructive advice improving the quality of the manuscripts and this thesis.

Several people helped with: the collection of samples, analyses in the laboratory, the preparation of maps, providing advice for statistical analyses and they are all thanked for their contributions. Special mention goes to the support staff of the School of APES, Allison, Chris, Ewa, James, Jason, Kim, Lawrence, Leanne, Lydia, Rori, Ryan, Rob and Stephen C. for help in the field and lab, Stephen W. for assistance with some of the images, Cristy for proof-reading a draft of the thesis. Thanks also to Mr Joseph Mathai for statistical analyses, Prof Edward Witkowski for statistical advice and Ms Jolene Fisher for GIS and statistical advice. Dr Adri Kotze and team at BEM Labs (Pty) Ltd are thanked for their efficient service and prompt response to queries. My heart-felt thanks to Dr Nina Snyman for the private, hands-on tutorials in using ArcGIS. I am grateful to Super Group Limited for assistance with printing copies of the thesis.

To my many friends and family, you should know that your support and encouragement was worth more than I can express on paper.

Thank you Jenny and Meg for breakfasts, tea-breaks and advice – you were always there with a word of encouragement or listening ear.

To Carl – thank you for your enthusiasm, pride and curiosity to share my map of the world.

Mom and Bridget, you knew it would be a long and sometimes bumpy road, but encouraged and supported me along the way. Thank you.

To dad who was often in my thoughts on this journey – you are missed.

Contributor: @terr1firma

Source: Bird, T (2011) Some impacts of sulfur and nitrogen deposition on the soils and surface waters of the Highveld grasslands, South Africa, PhD, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

The path to becoming a doctor is littered with distractions. I’d like to thank those distractions for making me the person I am

I would like to thank many people who have helped me through the completion of this dissertation. The first is my advisor, Steve Harrison, who is captivating, honest, and the true embodiment of a mentor. In combination with the mentorship of my advisor, I am blessed to work with dynamic and intelligent committee members Dr. Dennis Kafura, Dr. D. Scott McCrickard, Dr. Enid Montague, and Dr. Deborah Tatar. I would also like to thank the Computer Science Department at Virginia Tech and ADVANCE NSF for funding my time at Virginia Tech. Peggy Layne, who worked with me at ADVANCE was a brilliant and insightful mentor Additionally the mentorship of Victoria Bellotti, Oliver Brdiczka, Tara Matthews, and Tom Moran was instrumental to me during my internships, and their continued advice is invaluable.

This work was not completed in a vacuum. I worked with many brilliant students who broadened the value of the work: Laura Agnich, Monika Akbar, Aubrey Baker, Stacy Branham, Tom Dehart, Zalia Shams, and Edgardo Vega. Working with each of these students has been a gift that went much further than just completing work that needed to be done. Working with them expanded the value of the work. I appreciated each and every minute they spent with the data and (more important) with me.

I am thankful for and would like to acknowledge many others who helped me along the way: my father, Richard Hobby, who proofed many of my papers; my friends and family for late night phone calls; and my colleagues for bouncing ideas with me. This includes, but is not limited to Julia Hobby, Rich Hobby, Laura Harty, Elaine Hobby, Jason Lee, Shahtab Wahid, Tejinder Judge, Rishi Pande, Ross Goddard, Bobby Beaton, Sarah Peck, Kim Gausepohl, Kelly Meredith, Michael Evans, Jamika Burge, Manas Tungare, Ben Congleton, Pardha Pyla, Manuel Perez, Megan Beavers, Jocelyn Casto, Uma Murthy, Mara de Silva, Jon Howarth, Theresa Blanchard-Klunk, Sirong Lin, Joon Lee, Susan Wyche, Promita Chakraborty, Michael Stewart, the Garcoskis, Ben Hanrahan, Yeong-Tay Sun, Caitlin Sadowski, Alexandra Holloway, and Rex Hartson.

I am beyond grateful to all of my participants who were not paid to participate in the project. The people who participated in my study were generous with their time in a way that I can never repay.

Cameron Vega, my son, thank you for reorienting my life.

There are many neglected people and groups that are involved in the completion of a Ph.D. that I would like to acknowledge. I would like to thank Meg Kurdziolek for starting a dissertation writing group. I would like to thank all the amazing women in the front office in the Computer Science Department who calm me down when I express a complete lack of knowledge about paperwork, protocol, and procedures. I would like to thank my music library for the writing trances that helped complete each chapter. The group Horse Feathers has been specifically amazing. I would like to thank my university library for access to the many books and articles that influences how I think. The also sometimes purchased books that were relevant to my dissertation. I’d like to thank all the people who provided feedback when I presented posters and talked about my research at conferences. I’ve also received numerous scholarships, which have allowed me to travel to said conferences. Thanks for supporting a poor graduate student.

Being a woman in computer science has, in part, made me the woman I am. I’d like to thank the Anita Borg Institute and all the women who have been, and will continue to be, in the Virginia Tech Association for Women in Computing for the continual support. To complement that last comment, last, thanks to all the men in computer science who gave me explicit and implicit warnings that, as a woman, I couldn’t cut it. You enrage my inner feminist (read: “bitch”). Thanks for making me push myself harder.

The path to becoming a doctor is littered with distractions. I’d like to thank those distractions for making me the person I am.

Contributor: @LadyLaurian

Source: Vega, L (2011) Security in Practice: Examining the Collaborative Management of Sensitive Information in Childcare Centers and Physicians’ Offices. PhD, Virginia Tech, Computer Science.

Princess Nisa, you really are a little princess (and now it’s written in the Trinity College Library, so it must be true!)

Kenneth Henry – thanks for being a great supervisor and a good sport. Andrew ‘brain the size of a planet’ Lloyd, my mentor – Thank You For Sharing. None of it would have been the same if I wasn’t in such a positive, encouraging environment with the rest of the Wolfe Cubs. Karsten working side-by-side with you for the stuff of Chapter 4 was a great experience. I hope all my future collaborations are as fruitful and good-natured. Cathal and Lucy, the predecessors, thanks for showing me that it can be done (and how to do it!). Avril, thanks for always being willing to direct your insightful intellect towards my problems. Simon thanks for your willingness to help with anything. All of you, and the new folks, Antoinette, Kevin, and Sean, thanks for being so understanding and helpful while I’ve been writing up. Thanks also to Denis Shields for the suggestion of the block overlap simulations in Chapter 4, and all the members of the Tuesday lunchtime group for helpful comments over the years.

My family and friends deserve special thanks for supporting me in various ways. Mum – thanks for Friday lunchtimes in Dunnes & Crescenzi’s and ‘Friday Presents’. Dad – the running total is 2135 Brownie Points, a few more and you’ll have enough for a toaster. Emer – those cinema outings helped me stay relaxed, thanks. Wendy, my adopted Scottish sister and bestest friend – thanks for always dropping everything at a moment’s notice and making everything so much fun. Thanks to Gianluca for lots of emotional support and for help with footnotes and other LATEX oddities. Thanks to my ‘roomies’, Lisa and Emma Jane, for being great pals. Princess Nisa, you really are a little princess (and now it’s written in the Trinity College Library, so it must be true!). The girls on the rugby team definitely helped me keep my sanity by allowing me to vent my frustrations by tipping them upside-down in the mud of College Park … thanks!

Contributor: @aoifemcl

Source: PhD, Trinity College Dublin – for more on Aoife’s work

…the discerning input of my brilliant proof readers

I’d like to thank Dave Millard for his support and guidance through the course of this research. His uncanny ability to ask searching, difficult questions has undoubtedly strengthened my critical abilities, not to mention this work. My thanks also extend to Andy Stanford-Clark, whose shrewd input and enthusiasm have kept me on track and engaged.

I’ve had the good fortune to have guidance from many others, notably including my second supervisors Dave de Roure and Mark Weal. I’m grateful to the many study participants who so generously gave up their time, and for the discerning input of my brilliant proof readers. This work was also made possible by IBM’s generous support.

The communities at IBM Hursley and LSL have been welcoming and supportive, while figures such as Faith Lawrence and Max Wilson been role models for conducting doctoral-level research. I continue to draw inspiration from those around me, particularly Wendy Hall and Nate Matias, who achieve great goals with dedication and hard work while supporting the many communities around them.

I’m lucky to have many wonderful people in my life, and I’d like to thank them for their support: amongst people too numerous to list, my thanks extend to Reena, Jane, Don, Thomas, John-Mark, Ruth ‘n’ Tim, Alan, Hugh, Dave and the OGC crowd. Thanks for putting up with me!

Finally, and most of all, my thanks to Alisdair for his unfailing support, which is too extensive to enumerate.

Contributor: @ClareJHooper

Source: EngD, University of Southampton

Mum – it might all have been worth it in the end!

I  would like to take this opportunity to thank a few people who have made the process of writing this dissertation somewhat easier during the past year.

Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. William Webster, for being patient, encouraging and supportive. Also for giving me lots of valuable advice that has certainly made this project a lot easier to complete.

Thank you to Topshop and Stirling University Library for allowing me to use them as case studies for this project.

To Catherine and Amber for taking part in the study, you helped me out a lot. Thank you.

To Justine, who has managed to keep me smiling through the hardest parts of this process and who I will always be grateful for, thank you.

Thank you to Doug, Ash and Jeff – our days out and banter has meant a lot to me and has kept my social life alive during this (somewhat isolating) process.

My friends have been a constant support and have kept me sane through the last few months: Thanks to Amy, Stuart, Gillian, Ailsa, Craig, John, Fiona, Christine, Adam M and Adam RF.

To Will and Debbie for providing me with very sound advice and endless support on the other side of a screen. Thank you.

To Niall, thank you. For absolutely nothing.

Thanks to Kyle, Sam and Rachel. Just because.

And finally, thank you to my parents, Mandy and John. Their endless support has meant more to me than I could possibly express and will be forever grateful to them for their assistance, comforting words and lovely hugs. Mum – it might all have been worth it in the end!

“What’s next?”

President Josiah Bartlet – The West Wing.

Contributor: @lornypoppins

Source: BA (Hons) Business Studies, Stirling University

It is the journey that I cherish, more than the destination

My journey of learning would not be as enriching as it is, if not for the following:

Almighty God, in whom I hope and from whom I draw my strength,  

My family, who have been very supportive,

Dr. Teresita Perez, for her time, unwaivering faith, love and sharing life with me and my blockmates ;), 

Mrs. Unson, for her patience and comforting presence,

Dr. Emilyn Espiritu, for her valuable inputs, inspiration and encouragement,

Dr. Emmanuel Anglo, for helping in the statistical aspects of the study and the inspiration to do more,

The Environmental Science Faculty, for being an inspiration for me to aspire for knowledge on different topics related to the environment,

Kuya Bert, Kuya Doy and Ate Weng, for their time and effort that has helped us in many ways,

Mang Pando, Tatay Edwin, Nanay Gemma and the community of San Buenaventura, Palacpacquen, San Pablo Laguna, for their hospitality and assitance in acquiring tulya,

Sir Ian Ken Dimzon of the NCIC, who helped us perform AAS, for his patience and kindness,

Sir Edsel Ramirez of the University of the Philippines Institute of Biology, for sharing his knowledge and expertise, 

Kuya Tatot, for the reminding me that nobody said it would be easy, but it would be worth it and that it’s not yet the end if its not a happy ending,

The Ateneo Student Trainers (most especially the Super Six) and theAteneo College Ministry Group who always understood the demands of being a student over being an org member,

The Bukas Palad Music Ministry, for the sense of community and belonging rooted in Christ and in music,

My Blockmates, with whom I have shared almost my entire college life with,

Most especially to Emee, Niko, Mamon, Jules, Benj, Joan, Beng, Pao, KDand coursemates Camille and Earl for the presence, laughter, chismis and love when we are in (the) lab :).

It is the journey that I cherish, more than the destination.

Contributor: @findingjemo

Source: Corbicula manilensis as a Potential Bio-indicator of Sublethal Cadmium Levels in Aquatic Environments